Tongue Piercing How To Hide

Two centuries of climate change

SPECIAL. ENVIRONMENT

Trade

December 22, 2009
The emissions problems are not new, dating from the nineteenth century. Already there was talk of their harmful effects on our planet
By: Thomas Unger Despite campaigns financed by interests linked to oil, the world can no longer ignore climate change. The Copenhagen meeting served to try to quantify the cost, both adaptation and mitigation. Adapting means, for example, to protect coastal populations of rising ocean levels. Mitigation involves reducing emissions of greenhouse gases that cause global warming. Both actions have a cost.
The adaptation will be spending more in poor countries and mitigation in rich countries. China, the largest emitter of greenhouse gases, on the one side facing the consequences of poor country, but should also take measures to mitigate rich country. Major emitters: China, U.S. and the European Union must agree on the account and how the divide. Everyone knows that the bill will amount to hundreds of billions, to recapitulate the history, indications are that this cost could be reduced, if not avoided.
EARLY WARNINGS
Al beginning of the nineteenth century the world population reached the first billion in industrial revolution whose fuel was coal. In 1824, when the big chimneys were a symbol of progress, the famous French physicist Joseph Fourier * described the greenhouse effect: "The Earth's temperature can be increased by the interposition of gases in the atmosphere, because heat as light is less strength to penetrate the heat to go. " Several scientists addressed the issue, but it was the Swedish physicist Svante Arrhenius who in 1896 warned that the industrial era, with its massive combustion of coal, would cause a "greenhouse bill human "and calculated the increase in degrees per doubling of CO2 in the atmosphere.
Arrhenius figures are surprisingly close to those calculated today. Four years later, another Swede, Knut Angstrom ** found that, under certain conditions, even traces of strongly absorb CO2 from the infrared radiation. In 1927, the death Arrhenius, CO2 emissions from fossil fuels reached one billion tons and two billion world population.
Swedish physicist's comments did not go unnoticed by an English engineer and inventor, who compiled data on more than one hundred and forty stations around the world, to show that global temperature was rising. From 1938 until 1964, when he died, Guy Callendar wrote 25 scientific papers to warn about global warming, called Callender effect was ignored by meteorologists.

AWARENESS


In 1955, Canadian physicist Gilbert Norman Plass used the work of Callender. Plass, who worked at the universities of Harvard, Princeton and Texas A & M, estimated the impact of greenhouse gases. According to his calculations, a doubling of CO2 in the atmosphere would raise global temperatures between 3 ° C and 4 ° C. Meanwhile, the physicist D. Designed Keeling and installed on Mauna Loa in Hawaii, and Antarctica, a device for measuring the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. The observatory, which runs until today, was the first to show an increase in the gas. In parallel, the Earth's population reached three billion.
Shortly after the death of President Kennedy, a group of scientists presented to President Johnson a document that describes global warming as an issue really worrying. Spend seven years to the Environment Conference 1972 in Stockholm, which gives priority to other issues but created the Program of United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP. Three years later the population the planet reaches four billion and five billion in 1987.
Meanwhile, a group of scientists and meteorologists began to join forces to study the phenomena observed. Dr. Wallace Smith Broecker, Department of Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, published a paper on global warming. The term is. Later, concerns about the hole in the ozone layer results in 1988 the Montreal Protocol, successfully faced the challenge of HCC (chlorofluorocarbons), ozone destroyers. IPCC



A KYOTO

From Montreal, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and UNEP create the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The following year, 1989, fossil fuel emissions reach six billion tonnes. A year later, the IPCC published its first report confirming global warming and predicted an increase. In 1992 he conducted the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, also known as the Earth Summit, with the participation of 172 countries. They take various agreements that ultimately did not commit.
Three years later, the IPCC produced its second report that claims responsibility for the climate change directly to human activity. It also confirms the warming figures, extrapolations and make projections. This results in the Kyoto Protocol, signed in 1977 by 187 countries except the United States at that time responsible for 36.1% of emissions. Other developed countries commit to reduce its emissions by 5% between 2008 and 2012. The millennium ends with six billion inhabitants.

THE NEW MILLENNIUM


The third IPCC report, submitted in 2001, is more categorical in their statements and more pessimistic in their projections. Provide projections on which preventive measures are not taken, the warming in the second half of the century may have catastrophic consequences. While the Kyoto Protocol becomes law in the signatory countries, see a 700-page document on global warming, commissioned by the British government economist Nicholas Stern. The report provides a detailed analysis of the consequences of warming and calculates its cost: 20% of global gross domestic product, stop it would cost 1%. Similarly

2006, emissions from the combustion of hydrocarbons reach eight billion tons. The following year the IPCC confirms his claims and receives, with Al Gore, the Nobel Peace Prize. The same year there is a meeting in Indonesia, which adopted the Bali accords, to prepare a commitment preceding Copenhagen. Meanwhile, the devices made by David Keeling at Mauna Loa and Antarctica show that the concentration in the atmosphere has risen from 315 parts per million (ppm) to 380 ppm. By then Tony Blair, in his capacity as chairman of the G-8 and EU, has declared climate change a top priority for the European Union.

THE SITUATION TODAY

A total of 192 countries gathered in Copenhagen and the result is not yet clear who will do what, and above all who is going to pay. What is clear, at least for me and representatives of 192 countries, is that climate change is a reality that threatens a string of natural disasters affecting the Third World begin and then to those causing the first. What worries me, though I will not be to see the results, is that many of those now making decisions, nor will to suffer the consequences.

(*) Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Fourier (1768-1830) is famous for its decomposition of periodic functions in so-called Fourier series.
(**) Angström Knut Johan (1857-1910) was the son of Anders Jonas Angström (1814-1874) and in whose honor was established to measure atomic scale (1 Å = 10-10 m).

12 Dpo And Stinky Pee

At 20 years of U.S. occupation, banned guitar teachers forget



LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN


December 20, 2009

Testimonials of the protagonists

For

Tribuna Popular / Aporrea

Edital Agency


the early hours of December 20, 1989 is memorable, not only for Panama but for all Latin Americans. Unlike the show put on by the American Empire that is seeing its power through the media against his former friend, Saddam Hussein, this time the actions are known a bit later, when they were developing, but had been advised to Some ombudsmen who have subsequently been starring, Endara for example. The Bush (father), who was also a friend of Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega, is viewed separately from him and accused him of drug trafficking. With that excuse to invade a country, and massacred more than 3,000 civilians in "the name of defending freedom and democracy."

Panama's history has not exactly been a success story. That country, which was part of New Granada, Gran Colombia and Colombia, the load on his chest many historical invasions of all kinds and the segregation of its territory by economic desires of the American Empire that led to a so-called independence in 1903.

still hurting Panama to 20 years of an event by which still claims to know the number of victims and political demands, social and economic of the people. More than 7 000 Panamanians killed by falling U.S. terrorism

have to look, now more than ever in that mirror, to analyze the performance of supported Noriega and wonder who began developing his twisted actions.

have to look at the ways in which the U.S. government acts to safeguard what is important to him. There was the Panama Canal and the Isthmian country's strategic position, here is oil and more.

should be viewed with nearsightedness, Medium and long for no repeat, no people or government, the mistakes that led to this tragic episode of the Panamanian people.

raise our voice to repudiate the actions of the empire against Panama!

raise the flags of solidarity with the Panamanian people!

also to fight against forgetting we offer our readers a collection of facts and testimonials from some Panamanians view as well as a small timeline of today's Panama.

The U.S. invasion of Panama last

***********



Panama to 20 years: The blunt truth of the facts




Olmedo Beluche
*






Twenty years have elapsed. Even the dead cry out in silence against forgetting, demanding that their names are pronounced and demanding justice. The fifth of a century has passed and still the Panamanian people know how much damage we did. Like many other crimes in this country, the facts remain unclear at all, no criminal investigation, punishment without trial.

The clerks in the service of the U.S. claim that the most murderous act against the Panamanian nation will be remembered "A release" in the words of former Archbishop Mark G. McGrath, as they have achieved some success with respect to the separation of Panama from Colombia in 1903, posing as "independence" the act that became a colony. As already indicated in Chapter VI of our book Ten years of political and social struggles in Panama (1980-1990), one must distinguish between the stated objectives by the U.S. government and the real objectives.

priori would be naive to accept the arguments of former President George Bush, in the sense that it invaded Panama to bring "democracy" and punish the "narco-dictator Manuel A. Noriega. Test positive that the U.S. objective was not "liberate" the dictator was that the October 3, 1989, when Moses Giroldi and a group of officers led a coup and arrested Noriega, troops of the Southern Command were made dismissing.

The primary objective of the invasion was to establish a stable regime with a democratic façade, to ensure the implementation of neoliberal policies. This idea was patented in the so-called Grant Agreement, by which several million would "help" economic return to the application of a strict neoliberal plan. The issue of military bases, the new government has begun Ricardo Martinelli the installation of four military bases in territory with U.S. funding and advice.

From the perspective of the victims, we reiterate what was said in our book "The truth about the invasion:" In one night, U.S. troops killed more Panamanians 100 times in 21 years of military rule. In a single week were 100 times more political prisoners than 5 years were during the Noriega regime. "

Despite the absence of an official investigation, the Catholic Church was able to gather the names of about 500 killed, most of them civilians. The graves of the Chorrillo, Corozal, Rainbow and remain Chepo open.

About 20,000 people lost their homes that night, there were at least two thousand injured. Something that many do not realize is that about 5000 were political arrests. The material losses, especially of the Panamanian State, are still joining.

Twenty years later, when it seemed he was going to be some justice through a law passed by the National Assembly in December 2007 sought to establish the National Mourning Day and a Commission of Inquiry, it was vetoed by President Martín Torrijos, without the deputies proponents have tried to impose it for emphasis.

historical balance remains favorable for offenders and unfavorable for the victims.

Pending that, sooner or later, a new generation of Panamanians to achieve a government that claims the memory of the heroes and martyrs of the December 20, our small contribution to the justice they claim the dead is that it know the stark truth of the facts.

(*)


Sociologist. Author of the book "Ten years of political and social struggles in Panama" and "The truth about the invasion."




*******


FACTS



The December 20, 1989, U.S. President George HW Bush authorized the military operation called Just Cause, justifying the invasion of Panama for the following reasons: - Protecting the lives of American citizens residing in Panama. - defend democracy and human rights in Panama. - Stop Noriega to face drug trafficking offenses.

- Support the implementation of the Torrijos-Carter Treaty.
The apparent purpose was to capture General Manuel Antonio Noriega, Commander in Chief of the Defence Forces of the Republic of Panama, who was wanted by the American accused of drug trafficking. INSTANT BACKGROUND




The October 11, 1968, middle of the National Guard, headed by Mayor Boris Martínez led a coup overthrowing the then elected, constitutional president Arnulfo Arias Madrid, who had taken possession of charge was only 11 days. This event started a military dictatorship led by a provisional junta of government that lasted until 1969, when he took over as Commander in Chief, Brigadier General Omar Torrijos Herrera. In 1972 the military government appointed a Constitutional Convention that drafted a constitution and named Demetrio Basilio Lakas as Head of Government and General Omar Torrijos as Head of State. As a policy objective of the government negotiated a new Panama Canal treaty, which replaced the model negotiated in 1960 by the Treaty Johnson Robles.







In 1977, General Omar Torrijos Herrera as head of state of the Republic of Panama and Jimmy Carter as President of the United States, signed the new Panama Canal Treaties Torrijos-Carter Treaties or , through the main clauses of the United States agreed to the return of the administered territories, control of the operation of the Canal, the closure of military bases and the departure of all U.S. troops from Panama. The Torrijos-Carter Treaty agreed a timetable for the transition of all aspects of the Panama Canal before 2000. However, the defense conditioned road together, giving the possibility of armed intervention in Panama if the canal operation is impaired. In 1983 he assumed the post of Commander in Chief of the Panama Defense Forces, General Manuel Antonio Noriega, who served for many years as G2 or head of Panamanian military intelligence and was identified as a close associate of the Central Intelligence Agency United States. In the 1984 presidential elections, the first popular vote since the start of the military dictatorship 1968 was declared the winner Nicolas Ardito Barletta to the groundswell of fraud. Meanwhile, in the U.S., Senator Jesse Helms demanded that the U.S. government take steps to remove Noriega, but the CIA director William Casey came to the defense of Panamanian general grounds that he carried out important tasks for the government United States.
But in 1984 the relations with the United States deteriorated when he demanded and got Noriega closing the School of the Americas in Panama. In that American military academy were receiving military training with a strong anti-communist political content by the Pentagon. In 1985, Nicholas Barletta Arditto resigned the presidency under pressure to try to clarify the heinous murder of Dr. Hugo Spadafora, an opponent of the dictator, who has repeatedly accused General Noriega of various crimes including murder and drug trafficking, being replaced by the first Vice President Eric Arturo Del Valle. The second in command of the Defence Forces, Col. Roberto Diaz Herrera, was passed to retire in 1986 on direct orders of General Noriega. Díaz Herrera made public statements accusing General Noriega of election fraud in 1984, political murder and complicity in the death of Torrijos, sparking fierce protests among the population and creating a movement called Civil Crusade. In 1988, Eric Del Valle in his capacity as President of the Republic dismissed General Noriega as head of the Defence Forces, who lashed out with all the power of the army under his command against the Panamanian nation, ignoring Eric Arturo Del Valle as president and as Vice President Roderick Esquivel. Del Valle took refuge at the U.S. embassy and then transferred abroad. Government took over as Minister Manuel Solis Palma Charge of the Presidency. However, the ambassador of Panama in the United States Juan Sosa was recognized as the sole authority of the Panamanian government in exile.
United States began open a lock against the government loyal to the Panamanian military, which caused an economic crisis, even the freezing of the banks to avoid capital flight. During this time the United States negotiated conditions for the removal of General Noriega from power to no avail. In May 1989 presidential elections were held between the candidate of the opposition to military rule, Guillermo Endara Galimani, and government-backed candidate Carlos Duque Jaen resulting Galimani Endara won a sweeping victory. At present the results of the vote, General Noriega gave instructions to the electoral court to declare the elections suspended.

In September, instead of taking office the winner of the May elections, was suspended the constitution and appointed as head of the Executive Body Engineer Francisco Rodriguez, who is close to General Noriega.

next month, rebel forces led by Major Moises Giroldi Vera, took the police headquarters and held Noriega. Giroldi, head of the rifle company responsible for the security headquarters, and an attempt was aborted coup against Noriega and that got him promoted to the rank of Major, but his attempt to overthrow General Noriega failed to deliver to his indecision United States Army had sent a helicopter for that purpose. The situation became more confusing when classmates asked her consent to kill Noriega, which gave time for the rebellion was quelled by forces loyal to Noriega. Major Giroldi and all the men who backed him in his action were executed by direct order of Noriega. In December 1989, the National Assembly granted special powers to General Noriega appointed Chief of the War Cabinet, while declaring the Republic of Panama at war against the United States of America. Beginning on December 20 launched the U.S. invasion.

RESOURCES AND ACTIONS







Americans disposed of 26,000 soldiers from elite units of the naval command of the army and the 82 nd Airborne Division for the invasion. Panamanian Defense Forces numbered only 12 000 troops and the country had a tiny air force.

The United States military moved to Panama with the 82nd Airborne Division to the military operation, which had 12.000 soldiers. U.S. military bases on the banks of the Panama Canal, according to the Torrijos-Carter treaty legalizing the military presence in the isthmus to the joint defense by both nations of the waterway, had an army of 12,000 who did not participate in Operation Just Cause.
Two days before the attack, an American soldier was killed when passed a roadblock in front of the Central Headquarters of the National Guard, which was considered as the trigger of the conflict. The invasion began the morning of December 20, 1989 with the bombing of multiple political and military installations. The target was to nullify any response of the Panamanian army. The bombing destroyed airports and military bases as Punta Paitilla Airport, the Central Headquarters in the neighborhood of El Chorrillo Tinajitas Barracks, Panama Old Barracks, the headquarters of the Pumas, the Rio Hato military base (where the military institute worked Tomas Herrera, who was not actually a military training school) or the Coco Solo Naval Base.
Air Force United States used a next-generation weapons such as stealth aircraft or F-117 Nighthawk fighter helicopters AH-64 Apache against a very ill-equipped army. Despite the high-tech U.S. weaponry, there were many civilian deaths to be made many non-military buildings.

income of U.S. troops in the neighborhood Chorrillo, which included many supporters of Noriega, was particularly bloody. There was no declaration of war and the action was condemned by the UN General Assembly and the Organization of American States (OAS). The operation lasted a few days before the superiority of the occupying army and found little resistance. Noriega escaped and sought asylum at the Vatican embassy. Subsequently turned over to the occupying forces and placed under arrest.
Guillermo Endara became president in a U.S. military base during operation. In the days following surgery, due to the absence of police and the passivity of U.S. troops, there were in several cities looting and vandalism that increased material losses.

- What NORIEGA?









"It seemed that Panama had swallowed the earth." Thurman said that since the October coup had increased the number of men in the team that was responsible for monitoring their movements. Intelligence agents had infiltrated the city with last generation equipment continued to sun and shade. On Tuesday 19 were able to verify your stay in Columbus, the return of the procession to the city but at some point along the way, Noriega had escaped them. Supposed who had remained in the Panamanian Caribbean. After

Just Cause began, throughout the morning, had made more than 40 attempts to locate Noriega. In Columbus attacked some of the houses that used to use, without finding even a trace. At Farallon, where Noriega had a beach house, no one was there. Amador was not, or headquarters, or Tinajitas, nor in Panama Viejo. The intelligence men worked ceaselessly trying to track communications to enable them to decipher their whereabouts. Needed time to interview military prisoners. Dozens of Special Operations Command Deltas scattered across the city were able to act at the slightest sign. Could go anywhere in minutes.
At dawn began to fear that Noriega had managed to escape to Chiriqui, or even worse, to Cuba or Nicaragua. That was discarded in some embassy. They knew their family was in Cuba but he had not a trace. to capture the White House was a priority. Bush could not afford to pass up. The military hoped to turn a quick capture of Noriega, would end any intention of his men to organize.
At 7 in the morning Bush spoke to the American people. He reported that he had ordered military action in Panama and listed the reasons: to protect American citizens, restore democracy and capture Noriega. Publicly pledged to ensure compliance with the Treaties. ³ Only what I did, I realized that there was another exit ², was justified.

Dick Cheney and Colin Powell spent the day making statements. "I do not know where he is Noriega, Powell explained, he saw as growing pressure on the media for the capture of Panama. "In practice we have beheaded the dictatorship of Panama. Noriega is now just a fugitive and will be treated as such."

By nightfall, no new developments after raking, the State Department made an announcement that it reproduced the international chains: a reward of one million dollars to anyone who gave clues that would lead to the arrest of the Panamanian leader. Manuel Antonio Noriega had become public enemy No. 1 in the United States of America. "(Guido Bilbao." The Fall ")




TESTIMONIALS REVIEWS

A song in the invasion

By Shortly after midnight on December 20, 1989 my mother woke me with a start. "You have to get dressed and put on your shoes." I was very nervous and was wiping eyes. I did not ask any questions. She never said so but I knew that we only ordered to "make shoes" in case something urgent is happening. Like when he said years ago and went to spend some time with the grandparents without my father.

finished dressing and upon entering the room and my two brothers were there and my parents. The television signal emitted Channel 8, the Yankees season. I remember we saw pictures but for some reason we could not hear a sound. All had very serious expression. I looked out the window, but the neighborhood seemed very quiet. Desolate. My brothers wore their shoes.

My first reaction to anything that was secret joy. If what was happening ran all day, probably postpone a week what was going to have to do that Wednesday December: 4:40 sing a song off the kind of music. It was the worst thing that could happen in life, I thought the length and width of my 13 years. So I felt good not having to deal with this pregnancy. With that expectation I went to bed. Early morning are rumors. "The gringos are coming from house to house, are soon reach Arraijan and Chorrera." It was best to throw away or burn all that is connected with the government or the military. I had much afraid of that rumor. My father was a member of the Labour Party, PALA. We had a flag on the house, found it y.si sure we had all thought. My brother and I took together with his camouflage pants and covered with garbage in the back of the house. Later, when another wave of rumors and added that the Americans were very close, dig up everything and burn it. Regret that I gave to my brother cared much those pants. As the two p.m. on flights began. Planes were very noisy in the form of spider, which rose and then fell into a tailspin. Just after explosions were heard. They were shelling the barracks, near where we lived. My mother sobbed, clutching the rosary in their hands. I took cover under the table. the evening my mother packed up some clothes. We all went very fast pace where an aunt, two houses away from ours. We spent the night. I was twitching at every sound that came from outside. That feeling did not leave me until months later. At midnight, they sent me to sleep on a mattress on the floor, away from the window. I took my notebook to review music song 4:40. Although he did not know, never go back to first grade. Nor did he know he would have preferred that after singing in front of the class instead of having to see my parents mourn in a night as cold as that of 1989.
MANUEL DOMINGUEZ




A latent claim







This story has to do with weapons that the U.S. left Panama, the invasion but not during the previous 50 years. In late 2003 the government of Panama appears to have hung up his gloves to give fair, legal, moral, and essential to the U.S. claim to destroy chemical and conventional weapons that the military living in that country left abandoned and scattered in the country. Following the proposal completely inappropriate and insufficient August 14, 2003 United States offered the government of Panama to donate a few tools that could be used to clear seven Panamanian personnel intact chemical bombs lying outdoors on Isla San José, nothing has been done to advance the interests of our country . And if the government of President Torrijos discussed the issue privately, obviously the results have not been seen. The government of President Martinelli has just begun and is not known its position in this regard, but the truth is that the issue of military contamination was not addressed in the political campaign of the last election. Some point to the interest of these governments has been out of the way any obstacle to the signing of free trade.
The fact is that to date there is no less than three thousand acres of territory heavily contaminated with conventional weapons abandoned in the areas of Emperor, Balboa West and Piña. And a number of chemical weapons not established intact lying on Isla San José, although to date has been identified and verified by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons a 500-pound bomb and six of 1000 pounds each. From the above land has resulted in a number of dead and wounded maimed for which no exact information is needed because the United States for nearly a century and never controlled these territories provided statistics of the dead and wounded, although the Ministry of Health to rest a recent statistic suggests at least fifteen dead and more than thirty were seriously injured. The obligation and the U.S. commitment to eliminate such danger of our country emanates from the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977. The government of President Moscoso increased demand the highest levels of U.S. government and to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, and despite his persistent efforts and responsible United States stands in flagrant violation of the Convention Chemical Weapons, and without having fully met the commitment by the government of President Carter.
is regrettable that the United States clings to Hobbes's maxim that power confers the right, and that the government of Panama is clouded by a treaty of doubtful benefit to our country. Meanwhile, pollution continues as a dangerous military threat to the Panamanians.

JUAN MENDEZ

Test field




Who knows how many bombs, mortars and cannons, threw on Panama. At first it was every second. After every two seconds .. Can not be less than several thousand, because the siege lasted for days. In Latin America There is precedent for such enormous firepower. The most sophisticated weapons, technology literally space warfare, was used against Chorrillo, against Panama Viejo, against San Miguelito, Rio Hato, Tocumen, etc. Panamanian fighters there were no more than two thousand. The Americans were counted and declared by them, 27 000. Therefore were probably many thousands more. More than a dozen for every Panamanian. The Panamanian armed only with rifles. Americans of guns, missiles, tanks, armored vehicles, helicopters, airplanes. That was the example of "fair play" that the Americans themselves boast about their skills. I note that this observation I heard it was a reporter for themselves. And is that the Pentagon gave few opportunities to its own journalists who realized what was happening in Panama and divulged. The complaint also themselves.

is as if Italy to play football against a team of district workers, send a national team. Wanting to win does not mean wanting to slaughter. Here we tested weapons and aircraft from the latest harvest technology. As the "stealth bomber" for example. For pure gymnastic exercise, because the grace of that plane is to be invisible to radar, and Panama are the only radar control them themselves. Also a kind of ray that does not explode, and it sounded like the wheels of a truck stuck in the mud. I have said it is a kind of laser. I do not know. On one occasion I saw: it was a red spark that fired a jet fighter-bomber that was dropped into a tailspin. The neighborhoods were a testing ground, shooting ranges where new weapons were tested. And not on paper and cardboard targets, but of flesh and bone. They said it themselves, for shame, mere cynicism or arrogance, that they were released here have developed new weapons during the fifteen years after his experience in Vietnam, both taught. The Chorrillo is the gringos, which Guernica was the Nazis. Themselves, with humor really macabre, he was called to Chorrillo "Little Hiroshima." Rio Hato, where they operated two schools, one cadet and one secondary school, in which the older student at barely 17 years, they dropped bombs, two thousand pounds. Two thousand pounds. I never even knew it existed. They themselves have said. Two thousand-pound bombs. Currently

a pound of explosives should be equal to ten of those used in World War II and Vietnam. Here in Panama was tested in the new combat helicopter "Apache", more modern and sophisticated than the Cobra, which was designed to combat the Warsaw Pact tanks. I have understood that only the computer Apache bearing the costs a million dollars. Here we tested a new ballistic vest, lighter and thinner, but stronger than before. Also the helmet worn by soldiers, is new. Not far from my house a Panamanian sniper shot him in the head to an invader. But he gave in the hull and the soldier was not hurt. Until a new menu in the food was tested in Panama. And I'm speaking only of what we know, what they have said ...
JOSE DE JESUS \u200b\u200bMARTINEZ
Omar Noriega antipode



With Hugo Spadafora talked for the last time in the prenavidad 1980 in Coronado, home of Santiago Torrijos. I looked and whispered in my ear, "should not see each other again and talked to the general in front of a Martincito uncle and told him everything in terms of Noriega. I explained that this kind of prestige attached to Torrijos, is building issues in Central America for drug and weapons trafficking. So I went off the side of Shepherd, but I do not agree today with the Sandinistas. The general did not know what is next ². A couple of days after I brought some documents Omar in Farallon and I mentioned to Hugo and conversation. I reaffirmed its veracity: ³ while I have been negotiating treaties, covering meeting world leaders in the region, I came out of the henhouse chickens, including the most serious is Noriega. With the CIA learned to work silver only.

breath and said, "Why do not you take it out?". He shook, I said with eyes wide. "Do you like being Robespierre? Not know you guillotined their peers. Roberto, do not know the big leagues, David beat Goliath are the fables, until I have him afraid of Noriega, but it is better to close that distance, I can not say more. "Onwards I could only speculate on those words. Unable It took away a charred Omar die.

I could not take him down from the inside in September 1985, at precisely Hugo. But that rifármela June 7, 1987, knew enough, denouncing death was challenging, modern guillotines. remembered the words of Omar, and especially the Jesuit priest's Bill Davis: "know that Noriega is just a little bishop, you are getting into the White House directly." My complaints have to say anything, they were, in order to get it down. With Omar was next to a statesman who embraced the Marshal Tito, Fidel, Carter, Giscard D Estaing, Peron, Olof Palme. Felipe González, as head of government, having been rebuked in Panama to be a Democrat and be intimate with Torrijos, said: "Omar was a dictator, confessed and convert, but a unique phenomenon in Latin America." Against the grain, as second Noriega, I lived next to one of Pablo Escobar Gaviria intimate. Were the antipodes. Omar was the most apotheosis burial, Noriega is dead but breathing.
DIAZ HERRERA ROBERTO




The loss of innocence



I was 10 years old that Christmas when bombs rained down, and lack of gifts, we played to build barricades around the corner from home. For every explanation we were told that Santa did not come because the Yankees will continue long warned: Panama was in flames. But everything was fine, because in addition to not understanding what was happening, we were entertained with the script of war that broke the dull routine installing blond soldiers conquered our neighborhoods on their tanks and a horde of fellow who won the street shouting ³ plunder! ²
moral
gum came next. It started back in school and account for missing classmates. I remember Jaime, for example. Since I was one of the few guys who wore glasses throughout the primary. It was very funny and drew very well, wanted to be a cartoonist. After 20 not see him again. "It was the invasion," he said in the classroom, as if those three words act together to justify the emptiness, silence and nothingness. "He went with the gringos? Was on the side of Noriega? Impossible to know. In 89 make fun together Tomáximo teacher, who was batallonero and once admonished me and called my mom because I caught handing out bumper "President Endara. "Look at what he's got the child, Madam," he said, unaware that it was she who handed me the propaganda. How curious: Tomáximo did return the next year and I think it is still master. But Jaime was swallowed by the invasion. Nostalgia lasted

what it took to ringing the bell for recess. We did not have new lunch boxes, but yourselves treasures in war blunder. Like everyone else, had several photos posing on tanks Yankees. But when commenting on what was achieved in the sack, I lied and invented Olympian wonderful forays to the best shops, not to confess that my old man would not steal. "We do not," he said. A year later came the Persian Gulf War and we all saw on TV. Despite the distance, there was something so close in those pictures. The narrator from time to time claimed that the weapons had been tested in the invasion of Panama. ² ³ It gave us was the truism that we all suspected that as the Iraqis saw running with the remote control in hand, some of us saw us. We grew and 20 years later, I feel guilt and anger, and many of my generation as well. We long for the fall of the military dictatorship and being just some kids we put on the sweater that said Just Cause - who made them, they were ready and distributed before grabbed Noriega? -. We were part of the game and celebrate naively, not knowing that we were the ones we lost.
ROBERTO QUINTERO


The "war spectacle"



In the U.S. the U.S. military invasion of Panama in 1989 was considered a triumph of the White House and, in particular, President Bush (father). The media highlighted the effectiveness of the operation against a man as "dangerous" as Manuel A. Noriega. Bush's critics were silenced and the "military victory" aroused enthusiasm in both political parties in that country. The Congress applauded the "strength" shown by Bush and opinion polls showed support of 80 percent of those polled.

For more serious observers, however, the invasion was seen as a caricature of "diversionary war." It was conceived, planned and executed for reasons of domestic U.S. politics. Diversionary war is promoted and unleashed by a political leader with "the purpose of achieve diplomatic and military objectives that can help solve domestic political problems. "

In the case of Panama, the reasons offered to justify the U.S. invasion were trivial and without much sense. What justifies then the use of overwhelming force against a country that posed no greater threat to the U.S.? Bush invaded Panama under the pretense of defending democracy, to restore order and protect American citizens residing in this country. The facts show that these goals actually , were not pursued by the United States. The Panama invasion was intended to remind the world that Washington continued being hegemonic in the hemisphere. In addition, the U.S. military invasion showed that it had a leader, President Bush (father) decided to "sobrematar" (over-kill) any adversary. Panama was chosen in those circumstances to achieve these policy objectives that were returned to the occupant of the White House, his reputation and chances of reelection in the upcoming elections. The U.S. alliance with the traditional political parties and Civil Crusade resulted in a political hybrid is still in force - which replaced the Defence Forces. This alliance marks 20 years in government, despite the alternation in power, plays a large part of policies developed by Noriega in the 1980's: The drug trade, neoliberalism, growing violence, increased poverty, banking and corruption at all levels of government and private sector.
MARCOS Gandasegui




A place in memory



been three years in a program of art therapy with children Chorrillo, during which time I learned many things. One of the first child I was taught was how and where to drop to the ground in the street when shots are heard. Every time I spent there I was impressed by the courage with that those same children and many of his relatives find reasons to keep living despite the unbelievably extreme conditions in which they have to. Crowded in miserable housing, many without water or sanitation, as part of families in which many responsible adults can not ever access to stable employment or resources of any kind, it is easy to grow up feeling they have no chance of anything or no hope for the future, beyond that to survive and be lucky enough not to cross the path of a bullet. You can no longer count the number families who have lost one of its members made the victim of a violent and absurd. The neighborhood is condemned and fear and violence are two constant presences. Children there have to learn too early the meaning of death and live with it as part of their day to day.

I can not help but think that this is something that comes from afar and that has to do with the past. His parents, grandparents, they tell, the Chorrillo before, was something else. When the bombs destroyed the neighborhood during the invasion, many families lost everything, and many loved ones were buried and disappeared under fire and the rubble of homes razed. Grief is a deeply emotional experience that mark who goes through it. To help you overcome and prevent life is not necessary, among other things, power talk about the loss, giving those who left a name, a tomb, a place in memory, something that let you cry to make sense of what happened and to be able to live with it. Those who live there feel that they received payments or compensation to start rebuilding their lives on the ruins, and feel, above all, they were denied their dead. Drag a duel for so long is a very heavy legacy, an open wound that can not be ignored if you want to try to understand what, today, there is suffering.

PILAR MORENO
Reason and hope


The tragedy of the invasion, that brought down the regime, appeared to end the dictatorial sham. Since then it has become a reality in our society teaching Kundera: "The struggle against power is the struggle of memory against forgetting."

After twenty years, yet we have failed to learn lessons and take stock of what happened before and after December 20, 1989. Along the way, we've run out of the homeland of memories, with no memory of what happened, without justice and the willingness required to rebuild civic values, vision and objectives consistent, capacity, tolerance and guidance.

Impunity and corruption have been predominant and complete destruction of any bend of national identity. The amnesia caused by the deliberate absence of historical memory and collective, we are more atomized than ever and unable to fulfill our civic responsibilities in line with the new century. The political class, they quickly forget those who fought for "justice, democracy and freedom" from 1968, readjusted quickly and took refuge in the formation of 72 military, which have taken up to preserve the structures of social inequality, cultural , political and economic structure of 20 years later. Strengthened by the demagoguery, clientelism and populism, the primitive state, it is not Right, but it is lies and deceptions. two lost decades, where the capitulation ethics serves to promote ignorance of the past and shed the future through education kidnapped, along with historical memory, by the followers of the dictatorship and the plutocrats in power, who have misrepresented the lived. Keep in mind with
Galeano: "History repeats itself? Or is repeated only as penance for those unable to listen? No dumb story." The only way to give voice to history is confronted with the truth, however uncomfortable or annoying it is this truth. Teaching and educating not only the good of our history, but also painful episodes. Only then can we reconcile reason and hope, build democracy and justice, and grow as a state and nation.

MIGUEL ANTONIO BERNAL




INVASION DATES BACK TO




1990


The government of Guillermo Endara of Panama raises reconstruction. The U.S. Congress approved an aid of 420 million dollars, 80 less than the 500 he had asked President George Bush. According to the Chamber of Commerce, the economic losses resulting from armed operation looting, exceeded 2.000 billion. Panama's external debt amounted to 5,100 million dollars.
1991 On April 22 the province of Bocas del Toro was shaken by an earthquake measuring 7.6 degrees on the Richter scale that left 22 dead and damage to property. Endara's presidency was challenged by the management of flood relief. Meanwhile the dead are still discussing the invasion. Most conservatives talked of 350 while some NGOs complained that they were more than three thousand.

1992
The ruling alliance is split ADO-Civil. Vice President Ricardo Arias Calderon, the Christian Democrats, resigned as denouncing the inability to solve problems Endara. In June, U.S. President George Bush (father) makes a visit to Panama. The ceremony at the Plaza Belisario Porras was suspended when protesters were attacked with tear gas.




1994 Five years after the invasion, returned to power the military regime's political strength, the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD). Ernesto Pérez Balladares, won the general election on May 8. The story went back to confront the two great myths of Panamanian politics: former minister Finance and Treasury Omar Torrijos defeated Mireya Moscoso, widow of the leader Arnulfo Arias.

1996

Panama restructured in April 3900 million dollars of commercial bank debt, including U.S. $ 1,900 million of interest owed. It established a menu of discount bonds or interest-reduction par. Bonds at par and discount bonds were collateralized with zero-coupon U.S. Treasury. Ernesto Pérez Balladares begins the process of privatization of public utilities.



1998 President Ernesto Perez Balladares, who had already privatized National Institute of Telecommunications (INTEL) and the Institute of Hydraulic Resources and Electrification (IHRE), call a referendum in which the population refuses to re-election. Finally summons the 1999 general election. The new president would lead the acts of the final return of the Canal to Panamanian control.

1999

Mireya Moscoso, widow of Arnulfo Arias and Arnulfista Party candidate, becomes the first woman to hold the Presidency of Panama. Moscoso defeated Martin Torrijos, whose campaign slogan was: "To recover the Canal, the General's son." On the morning of December 31 last soldier leaves the U.S. in Panama and ends the process of reversion of the bases and the Canal to Panamanian authorities.



2000 November 18, held the X Ibero-American Summit in Panama. Cuban terrorist Luis Posada Carriles was arrested for plotting a bomb attack against Fidel Castro, who would give a speech at the auditorium of the University of Panama. A statement by George W Bush asked the U.S. government not to grant bail to General Manuel Antonio Noriega out of fear of reprisals against them.



2001 February 18 HP-1430 helicopter, carrying relatives of President Mireya Moscos falls sea \u200b\u200bto 20 miles from Rio Hato. HP 1430 Aboard were two cousins \u200b\u200bof President Mireya Moscoso. The authorities sink the device to avoid investigation. Panama unsuccessfully claimed the United States for the cleanup of San Jose Island contaminated with chemical bombs.

2002

PRD Congressman Tito Afu uncovered the scandal CEMIS denouncing the payment of bribes in the National Assembly. Members of the two major parties, the PRD and Arnulfista were involved. It also broke the scandal "durodólares" when the home freezer Administrative Director of the Presidency of the Republic, Dalvis Xiomara Sanchez $ 30 000 were found that could not justify.



2003 the centenary of the Republic of Panama began a new historical cycle with full sovereignty over its territory. Among the festivities included the completion of the international Miss Universe pageant. Mireya Moscoso's government was beset by allegations of corruption.

2004

Martin Torrijos Espino, son of the late General Omar Torrijos Herrera became president of the Republic of Panama with 47% of the vote. Guillermo Endara, the president who came to power with the invasion, came unexpectedly in second place with 30% of the vote. Before leaving office, Mireya Moscoso pardoned Posada Carriles.

2005

Cuba reestablished diplomatic relations with the Panamanian nation in August, during the first graduation of Panamanian students in the Latin American School of Medicine, where he attended President Martin Torrijos with Cuban leader Fidel Castro.



2006 referendum was conducted to expand the Panama Canal. The Panamanian people decide to build a third set of locks. 56.7% did not participate in the vote. The next day the bus route corridor Mano de Piedra 8B-06 caught fire and burned 18 people were killed. Tragedy erupts dietilenglycol, a toxic substance introduced into a cough syrup distributed by Social Security Fund.

2007

The September 9, 2007, Manuel Antonio Noriega completed his 17 years in prison in U.S. for drug trafficking. A month before U.S. Judge Williams Turnoff ruled his extradition to France. The country demanded that Noriega will pay for the crime of money laundering and agreed to the figure of a prisoner of war. Still can not decide his extradition.

Sources:


Wikipedia




cultural magazine "The Lottery"


newspaper "La Estrella" of Panama
Miscellaneous Files
Research Team, Monitoring and Writing of Aporrea.org
************************************ NOAM CHOMSKY TEST
The invasion of Panama



Panama Skylight


Panama has been traditionally controlled by a small European elite, which constituted less than 10% of its population. This situation changed when General Omar Torrijos populist struck allowing poor blacks and mestizos participate in power established by the coup. In 1981, Torrijos was killed in a plane crash. By 1983 the real master of the situation was Manuel Noriega, a criminal who had been part of the court of Torrijos and U.S. intelligence. The U.S. government knew that Noriega was involved in drug trafficking, at least since 1972, when the Nixon administration thought murdered. But he was under the umbrella of the CIA. In 1983 a Senate committee concluded that Panama was a major center of drug trafficking and money laundering black.

The U.S. Government continued to valuing the services provided Noriega. In May 1986 the director of the Agency for Drugs praised Noriega for his "vigorous policy to combat drug trafficking." A year later the director "I congratulate our close association" with Noriega, while Attorney General Edwin Meese stopped a Justice Department investigation on criminal activities of the character. In August 1987, a Senate resolution condemning Noriega was opposed by Elliot Abrams, the State Department official in charge of U.S. policy on Central America and Panama.

And yet, when Noriega was finally indicted in Miami in 1988, all charges except one were related to activities prior to 1984, when he was our colleague, helping in the dirty war against Nicaragua, committing fraud in the elections with our approval , and generally successfully serving the general interests of the United States. It had nothing to do then with gangster and drug dealer activities suddenly discovered now.

was entirely predictable, as study after study shows. A brutal tyrant crosses the line from a wonderful friend of a villain and a slag when he commits the crime of independence. A common mistake is to go beyond robbing the poor, what is right, and begin to interfere with the powerful opposition gaining economic power.

mid-eighties Noriega was guilty of those crimes. Among other things, thought he had secured the job helping the U.S. in its war against Nicaragua. But its independence threatened our interests in the Panama Canal. On January 1, 1990 Much of the administration of the Canal in Panamanian hands should rest, and in 2000 was to be completed the transfer process. We had to ensure the control of the people that this responsibility would fall before that date,

So since we could not rely more on Noriega, it would have to go. Washington imposed severe economic sanctions that virtually destroyed the economy, the brunt fell on the non-white majority. then people started to hate Noriega, not because he was responsible for the economic blockade (which was illegal, if anyone bothers to study it), but because he made responsible of child hunger.

then attempted a military coup, but failed. Already in December 1989 the United States was ready to celebrate the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War by invading Panama to the absence of any international law and killing hundreds or thousands of people (no one knows, and few north of Rio Big bother to find out). He immediately proceeded to restore the power of the rich white elite, who had been displaced by the Torrijos coup just in time to secure a government servant before they proceed to change the channel management January 1, 1990, as not fail to notice the European right-wing press. During

the process the American press did not fail to follow the instructions of Washington by selecting the "bad" based on current needs. Shares that had forgiven became crimes. For example in 1984 the Panamanian presidential election had been won by Arnulfo Arias. Noriega literally stole the election with a good dose of violence and fraud.

But Noriega had not yet become a naughty boy. He was our man in Panama, and is considered the party containing Arias dangerous elements of ultra-nationalism, so the Reagan administration openly applauded the violence and fraud and ordered the clerk of State George Shultz to legitimize the sham and praised Noriega's version of democracy as a model for the errant Sandinistas. media of Washington and its allies in the major newspapers of the country cared very much to criticize fraudulent elections, but played down and slandered the elections held by the Sandinistas in the same year, much more honest and free beyond any doubt, because they distrusted the result.
In May 1989, Noriega returned to steal an election, this time a representative of industry, Guillermo Endara. Noriega used a lower dose of violence at 84, but the Reagan administration had put forward the slogan of turning against Noriega. Faithfully follow the script, the press expressed their criticisms of the fraud committed to our democratic norms.

also began passionately denouncing human rights violation that had not previously come to their attention. At the time that invaded Panama in December 1989, the media have demonized Noriega, so it had become one of the worst monsters of history from Attila the Hun. It was basically a repetition of the same process used to demonize the Libyan Gaddafi. Ted Koppel ruled that "Noriega belongs to that fraternity special international villains, men like Qaddafi Ayatoiah ldi Amin and Khomeini, that Americans love to hate. " Dan Rather placed him "at the top of the world's list of criminals, smugglers and other junk. Noriega was actually a follower of small category, exactly the same as when I was under the cover of the CIA. Take

Honduras for example. Although not a state as terrorist and murderer like El Salvador or Guatemala, abuses in the chapter on human rights are probably more serious than those committed by Panama. In fact there is a battalion trained by the United States has committed more atrocities than the same Noriega.
consider
0 US-backed dictator like Trujillo in the Dominican Republic, Somoza in Nicaragua, Marcos in the Philippines, Duvalier in Haiti, or any court of American gangsters during the eighties. All were much more brutal than Noriega, but the United States enthusiastically supported by decades of atrocities, to the extent that the benefits continue leaving their destination countries to ours. The Bush administration continued to honor Mobutu Ceausescu and Saddam Hussein among others, all that Noriega worst criminals. Indonesia's President Suharto, who reasonably is the worst of all murderers, is still considered by the Washington media as a "moderate."

In the same instant that invaded Panama for its human rights abuses, the Bush administration announced new sales of high-tech material to China, no less than $ 300 million in turnover for U.S. companies, just a few weeks after the Tiananmen massacre.

The same day, the invasion of Panama, the White House also announced plans (which were carried out immediately), to grant credits to Iraq. The State Department announced with straight face that this was the attempt "to increase U.S. exports and put us in a better position to bargain with lrak their respect for human rights ... '.

The Department continued its stance of ignoring the Iraqi democratic opposition (bankers, professionals, etc ...) and block efforts in Congress to condemn the heinous crimes of the former friend of Bush. Compared with colleagues from President Bush in Baghdad and Beijing, Noriega looked like Mother Teresa.







After the invasion, Bush announced an aid of one billion dollars. Of this amount 400 million consisted of incentives for American exports bound for Panama, 150 million were intended to pay claims bank and 65 million went to the private sector and to ensure U.S. investments in the country. In other words half the aid was a gift from American taxpayers to large corporations, as well as American.

United States returned power to the bankers after the invasion. Noriega's connections with the drug are negligible compared with these characters. Drug trafficking has always been channeled mainly by banks, the banking system is not regulated, so that is the natural path of black money. It has also been the basis of artificial Panamanian economy, and after the invasion is intact, or perhaps enjoy better health.

Panamanian defense forces have been rebuilt with the same officers under his command.

In general most of the system remains stable, except that our servers are now much more reliable. The same happens in Granada, which has become one of the largest global drug money laundering since the U.S. invasion. Nicaragua has also become one of the main avenues through which drugs circulate path of U.S. markets after Washington's victory in the 1990 elections. The model remains unchanged, just as there's no point trying to call attention to it.

About the author:

Noam Chomsky is a leading figure in the field of linguistics of the twentieth century. Since 1955 he taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where at age 32 became a full professor. His work in 1957, "Syntactic Structures", revolutionized the field of linguistics, deeply affecting the understanding that it was at that time on language and mind. In 1976 he was appointed Institute Professor in the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy at MIT. Today is also the Ferrari P. Ward Professor of Modern Languages \u200b\u200band Linguistics.




Chomsky has received honorary degrees from the University of London, University of Chicago, Georgetown University and the University of Cambridge. Is a fellow graduate student of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. His work in linguistics, which has received international acclaim, earned him the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award of the American Psychological Association, the Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences and the Helmholtz Medal.

Born in Philadelphia on December 7, 1928, Chomsky became politically aware at an early age, writing his first political article, on the fight against fascism in Spain, when he was ten years old.

Chomsky has written several books on contemporary issues and is a critical (honest, open, bold) to talk foreign policy of the United States and corporate power. His lectures, conferences, policies have been heard, typically by audiences in rooms with full house, all over the country and the world.

In a saner world, his tireless efforts to promote justice would have long done, winner of Nobel Peace Prize. But no, the committee prefer to give a sordid war criminals like Henry Kissinger.

Country Cottages Playhouses

velasquismo






Republic

October 25, 2009

Raúl García Zárate is known and admired in the world for his expertise in the implementation of Ayacucho folklore classics as "Goodbye People of Ayacucho." Manuelcha Prado is perhaps best who has picked up his legacy as a performer Andean guitar. About a concert that meet for the first time this 12 November, we talked with them.

By Raul Mendoza Manuelcha Prado If I had to go back to their earliest memories on the guitar, would have to start his childhood in Puquio and the music he heard in his home by Voice Lucanas Radio and Radio Tahuantinsuyo Cusco. "In these stations pristine guitar sounded, felt, Raúl García Zárate" he recalls. Thus were born the desire to become a guitarist. And now, almost half a century later, sitting beside the teacher. The reason for the meeting is a fitting end to a long history of admiration for the extraordinary talent of Don Raul: a concert shared.
And is that Raúl García Zárate has been a source of inspiration for many singers, whether civilians or artists from anywhere. In his hands was embodied Andean music with sounds painful and beautiful, nostalgic melodies and festive, and arrived without complex concert halls worldwide. Manuelcha not escape its spell. Very young, I went once in several presentations to the north of Peru to see the technique of his hands moving with wisdom on the ropes. Don Raúl jokes this morning: "He wanted to see when I was wrong," he says. Hands
creative



Sitting in an armchair in her living room under a painting that shows "how-not with a guitar in hand, Raúl García Zárate shells memories. "I liked the music because my father played guitar, and my uncles. And as I returned from school before my brothers, I started playing guitar in secret. When everyone began to arrive, I kept it. " Then he was eight, was a secret apprentice, but in his hands and his heart pounded and genius. Four years later he was a solo concert in San Juan Bosco Salesian School.

His first concert was anecdotal. "When I went out people started to laugh and I never said. Finished playing confused. When asked to emcee why people laughed, I said: 'It seemed that the guitar was walking alone. " It was bigger than me. " After nothing stopped him. Over time accompanied other artists, he played with his brothers and continued his solo concerts. Has been in dozens of countries, has played in the most prestigious festivals, has recorded albums and documentaries, has Peruvian music in the ears of the world.

has also won the admiration of those who know. "The main melody and the rhythm section passing independent in different dimensions, but harmonize in an extraordinary way. The arrangement and execution thus acquire almost infinite depth, "says García Zárate on Jiro Hamada Japanese critic, author of" Folklore. " No mistakes. His technique makes it appear that two performers. "It's an artist who has honed his instrumental mastery to better interpret the music he learned from childhood," he said, also on José María Arguedas.
Consideration achieved by Raúl has not taken away the simplicity. Has never refused a tip to the guitarists who come to him. Met many years ago to Manuelcha Prado and knew he had in him a talent telluric, magnetic, drinking from sources of his people and translated that feeling into the strings of a guitar. We saw so much potential when he retired as professor of the National School of Folklore, called Manuelcha to propose to take his place. Men committed

Manuelcha
Among connoisseurs Prado is not only an outstanding performer of the Andean guitar but an artist committed to the deep music of Peru, a conservative-sounding tunes on days party in the most remote villages and it records before they are blown away from oblivion. That search has led him to transfer songs originally played the harp and violin to the guitar. He has also expressed its strings the Water Festival, the roof wasichacuy or home, or burial of the child wawapampay. Yesterday, like many guitarists Andean musical ethnography.

is also an autodidact who learned to play by ear, listening to their elders to become a teacher. In addition to the tunes of Raúl García Zárate, the first steps in music gave Manuelcha were influenced by Arturo Prado, in fact his first teacher face. "It taught me the notes, but he played and I said: "This is a yaraví this huayno, this one muliza. I had no formal training, but dig into the guitar allowed me to develop a unique technique, "he says. His technique has "endless resources" according to Javier Echecopar authorized, another great guitarist.

Raúl Unlike the great Manuelcha plays the guitar, composes and sings. His lyrics speak of injustice, but also solidarity. The same can perform songs bittersweet as "Trilce" or nostalgia-soaked songs like "Express Puquio" or classical that fueled his childhood and youth as "Coca Quintucha." In May been presented the last of his albums, "Andean Mother," and also held an anniversary. His career reached the four decades of the artist and in that time has traveled the world and has reached the place of the guitar icon Ayacucho. Now is the time to share the stage with the maestro Raúl García Zárate and says "It's a dream come true." About two Echecopar Javier said that form the "large base of Andean guitar." Be the first concert of Don Raúl this year. Manuelcha instead comes to participate successfully in the "Guitars of America 2009" in Chile. It will be a night meeting with Peruvian music born under the tutelage of the Andes. A good time to summon the emotional earthquake that unleashed the music, when running two teachers.

Ozark Trail Replacement Rainfly

Pcs Phone Cards Dupage

Meetings News of two





Trade

October 11, 2009

The October 12, 1892 and 1992, IV and V commemorated the anniversary of the discovery of America. Trade attended the celebrations

Miguel Angel Cardenas For M. was the first time that commemorating the centenary of the discovery of America. It was 1892, a quarter century of this vital and enormous success in the history of mankind, and Spain was the cradle of the celebrations moved that focused on the achievements and figure of Christopher Columbus and Hispanics most symbolic places of his exploits: the convent of La Rabida and the Port of Palos.
Wednesday October 12, 1892, El Comercio comprehensive coverage offered him more than seven full pages (note the crucial roll in an era that looked large items and without photos). They reported how the Senate, chaired by Manuel Candamo, and the government of General Morales Bermúdez Remigio said that commemorating a national holiday. And during October, the Journal covered the literary and musical evenings, and on which premiered the musical poem "America", "compound (and executed) by Dr. Jose B. Ugarte." The same October 12 rendered the poems were published in José Arnaldo Márquez: "Today, to honor your memory / whose splendor lights / the most beautiful of history / the world tilts his face / in honor of your glory." And the information was very varied, with historical tone that led to edit a paragraph of the "History of the Indians" by Fray Bartolome de las Casas.
The best description of what was the turn of the century celebration in the book "1892: The Fourth Anniversary of the Discovery of America in Spain", in which the historian Salvador Bernabeu tells how it all began in Huelva on August 2, how Ateneo de Madrid was the venue for vibrant conference and appreciated the presence of Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darius and the Peruvian writer Ricardo Palma, "which helped to promote cultural relations."
were years of the reign of Queen Maria Cristina of Habsburg-Lorraine in Spain and just as a correspondent for El Comercio was our great tradition, who was the official representative of Peru in the IV Centenary. His articles were first published in late November. At first, Palma described the holidays with their particular nineteenth-century style: "A grand ball at the Hotel Colón ... All the ladies wore mantilla and a flower in her hair, and was prevented in the invitation cards. I want to state that the three South American girls, a Bogotá, a Uruguayan and Lima, carried the blanket with the same grace as the Andalusian. But then, when a large gathering of language academies took place there, Latin Americans, with Palma on the front, fought successfully for inclusion of Americanisms in the Dictionary of the English Royal Academy. The record of their discussions on behalf of the Peruvians was posted here.

THE CENTENARY V
In 1992, the controversy was overwhelming. With the vision of the late XX, the process was seen more gray areas than ever at that time produced the Persian Gulf War, the fall of communist regimes in Europe the East and the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to him by Guatemalan Rigoberta Menchu, the defender of indigenous communities.

meeting was the happy medium term (the gradient reconciling against shock, conquest and discovery) for two positions 'found' and in many cases and demagogic extremists (Hispanic and indigenous resurrected). Maybe a song that is the best sums up the thinking of those who were very critical, especially from the left. The Argentine sing poguean Fabulosos Cadillac and still young, "There is nothing to celebrate Latin hearted, murderous bastard son of colonies, five centuries are not for killing the party celebrating indigenous ".

to John Paul II said at the time:" That awareness of pain and injustice inflicted on so many brothers is, in this fifth anniversary, occasion to ask humbly for forgiveness for the offenses. "On pages appeared in this newspaper's opinion philosopher Fernando Savater, citing Walter Benjamin to clarify the contradiction of the story beyond the Manichaeism of some conservatives and omissions of others: "Every document of civilization is also a document of barbarism." Mario Vargas Llosa wrote about the Western contribution to "the concept of individual sovereignty and the ability to live in freedom". And Trade sought to emphasize that Latin Americans are the product of miscegenation, beyond pink and black legends, noting how the Europeans have benefited from new food products like corn, tomatoes, cocoa, potato and pharmacopeia are enriched with quinine and curare, to whom they owe millions of lives.

Dr. Aurelio Miro Quesada, at that time director of El Comercio, was president of the Peruvian National Commission of the V Centenary of the Discovery of America: Encounter of Two Worlds and his position appeared in one of the books he edited the full committee "Peru: the presence and identity", "All the times in our history have been accumulating experiences, life stress, we have opened the world to experience, to the feelings, the mental structure, thinking, emotions and even the myths of Peruvians. All these steps are good or bad are our own and we can not scar them because it would take away a part of ourselves. "

In Spain - the same year organized the Olympic Games - opened the World Expo in Seville, which was open 175 days and attracted 42 million visitors. The eminent journalist Manuel Jesus Orbegozo was a special correspondent and wrote in The Sunday Nov. 22 that the Expo '92 "was the greatest exposure in form and substance of few have been made in this century ... Only 100 years later, they will be back to meet almost all the countries that were lodged on an island in the Guadalquivir River, to show its most dissimilar stands huge and heterogeneous images. Orbegozo was one of the greatest pleasure that reported on three rooms on the first floor of Plaza of the Americas held the flag Peru: with craft Incan, Incan, and especially the Lord of Sipan replica of that received 12 000 visitors per day. Orbegozo chronicled from beginning to end: " At dawn, all lying as if dead, as if hours before a gale had swept all joy, gaiety, movement ... The cable car cars stopped midway, booths closed and only the sweepers began a gargantuan task that neither Hercules when cleaned the Augean stables of the king, the sweepers should collect several tons of waste materials left by past visitors to the EXPO 92 singular . Sevilla fell into deep depression. "What depression and bring excitement back the next centennial? In 2092 our grandchildren will read in El Comercio, and on its website, for sure.

Throat Continuiously Dry

worlds 20 YEARS OF THE FALL OF BERLIN WALL

Trade

We were all Berliners November 8, 2009

By: Jorge Moreno Matos Journalist English historian Laurence Rees has said he is a cruel paradox of how, Allied victory in World War II, freedom was only for half of Europe and the other half that afforded him the victory was to change "without more, the rule of a tyrant with the other."
To understand the history of the Berlin Wall and why it was built there to see it from this perspective: that the war just ended for millions November 9, 1989 when the Berlin Wall fell. YALTA EUROPE
Between 4 and 11 February 1945 meeting in Yalta (Crimea) Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, the Big Three, in order to define what will be Europe after war. The conference will decide the division of Germany and its capital, Berlin, into four Allied zones, in addition to the Nazi persecution, prosecution of war criminals and demilitarization of Germany.
A Yalta is reached with the firm conviction not to impose another Treaty of Versailles Germany, as in 1919, which in turn beget further war. Proof of this is that rejecting the absurd Morgenthau Plan, a project to dismantle the whole German industrial capacity and converting it into an agricultural country. But for Russians it is a dead letter. The Red Army in its triumphant way to Berlin, is dismantled and sent to Russia all factories can. It is the first sign of things to come.
After the capitulation of Germany on 8 May, will meet again in Potsdam, from 17 July to 2 August 1945 - the Big Three. And while it reaffirms the principles of Yalta, Stalin already shows that will not meet one of the points agreed. It is clearly determined to increase its influence in Western Europe and in maintaining which has already imposed by force in the east. The "Iron Curtain" that Churchill spoke in his famous speech in Fulton, in 1946, he has run from one side to another in Europe and will take 45 years to disappear.
is the beginning of the Cold War.










POINT INTERNATIONAL



A lesson to take into account

By: Carlos Novoa

changed history twenty years ago, no doubt. The fall of the Berlin Wall was a symbol of the end of the Cold War confrontation between two systems that diametrically opposed: capitalism and communism. This event has been a pretext to remember, reflection, interpret, analyze and project the significance of the end of a bipolar world in which the two great powers-the United States and the Soviet Union measured the correlation of forces with a economic and military deployment in various corners of the world.
On this occasion, Trade Zone World dedicated this supplement to the analysis of the context in which events occurred.
has consulted not only witnesses or experts in the field, but held a roundtable with the participation of ambassadors from the countries involved in the earlier and after the fall of the Berlin Wall. Germany is now a unified country. Twenty years later the debate continues and reunification is no longer pending tasks that the Germans themselves grappling from different perspectives.
The world is now a sort of gathering for reflection, perhaps on the couch in the international context, to recall events in Berlin two decades ago.
The threat of war between nations from totalitarian positions may be vanished twenty years ago. But the world is not a safe place today.
The enemies of peace show with other costumes, wrapped in blankets ethnic or falsely religious.

Some international analysts believe that the so-called clash of civilizations "proposed by Samuel Huntington from his professorship at Harvard University, is a myth, because there is a clash of power and nothing else.

That's why we can not turn our backs on the lessons that we left those fateful years of totalitarian ideologies.

One of the major players which meant the fall of communism was Mikhail Gorbachev, last leader of the Soviet Union. With the introduction of perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (transparency) were the first guidelines of what would be the biggest change in the world order.

precisely, referring to the anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, Mikhail Gorbachev reflects on the present. "Unfortunately, over the last two decades the world has not become a better place: the gap between poverty and wealth even increased, not only in developing countries but also within nations themselves developed. "

Undoubtedly, a summary that puts the finger on it without any equivocation.










THE WORLD AFTER THE WALL

From the Cold War to preventive war

German reunification came hand in hand with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the fall of communist regimes, leaving U.S. as the sole world power By: Roger Zuzunaga Ruiz
Journalist The fall of the Berlin Wall not only ended with the division of Germany, also wiped out the then moribund Soviet Union, and strengthened U.S. in the international arena. The post-war bipolar world gave way to a unipolar world where one country emerged as the watchdog of freedom and democracy. But on balance, the new stage was not synonymous with peace time, as many expected. With a weakened Soviet Union, which finally disappears in 1991 to make way for the Russian Federation, the fate of the communist regimes of Eastern Europe was sealed and one by one dropped.
The process of disintegration of the Soviet Union, germinated in 1985 following the reforms initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev, became a reality as of February 9, 1991, when Lithuania opted for independence in a referendum. Two months later, on March 3, citizens of Latvia and Estonia voted for self-determination. On 9 April the same year, Georgia became independent. On December 8, 1991 created the Community of Independent States, formed by the former Soviet republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine and Turkmenistan as well as associated states.
As the communist regimes of Eastern Europe, they followed the same process. Poland held its first free elections on May 27, 1990, thanks to the decisive role played by the Solidarity trade union led by Lech Walesa. Hungary did so on March 25 of that year, like Romania, May 20, 1990. Bulgaria, which saw him fall to the dictator Todor Zhivkov on 10 November 1989 after remaining in power for 35 years, held free elections on June 10, 1990. Meanwhile, Albania did the March 31, 1991.

Another consequence was the division of Czechoslovakia. On 17 November 1989, there was the so-called Velvet Revolution. That day, the communist regime harshly suppressed a student demonstration. This caused protests multiply. Finally, on November 24, 1989 fall of the regime and the June 8, 1990 took out the first free elections. Two years later, on June 20, 1992, Czechoslovakia split into two states: the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. Another country
which was dismembered Yugoslavia. On 25 June 1991 Croatia and Slovenia declared their independence. Bosnia-Herzegovina did so on April 6, 1992. On 27 April the same year, Serbia and Montenegro formed the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. But the June 3, 2006, both Serbia and Montenegro were declared independent states.
In parallel, a series of wars related to political, economic, ethnic and even religious bled Yugoslavia between 1991 and 2001. Today the crimes that were committed in these conflicts, in addition to the Rwandan genocide and the massacres in East Timor are tried in international courts, a sign that human rights were progress.

The doctrine of preventive war came in the U.S. after the attacks of September 11, 2001. This country invaded Afghanistan and Iraq that year in 2003, arguing that a terrorist attack into its territory was imminent.

Eight years since the invasion of Afghanistan, far from leaving the country, USA is sending more troops. In Iraq, six years after its invasion, so far not found weapons of mass destruction that President George W. Bush said he had. Twenty years after the fall of the wall, only in Eurasia have been born 25 new states and several countries of the former Warsaw Pact are now part of NATO.


Wall Street Roulette


addition to the U.S. position as the world's largest military power, the fall of the Berlin Wall strengthened for many years, the image of this country as a symbol of economic progress. Until the financial crisis came.

For years, Wall Street turned a blind eye to the noise problem that would engender its innovative financial products that generate profits in abundance. But enough with the collapse in the middle of 2008, the largest mortgage banks to be aware of reality: U.S. was in recession since 2007 (which does not go far). Union Europe also fell into recession and the 20 major world powers are seeking to impose further controls the global financial system.








With the force of fear

When Germany surrenders to the Allies on May 8, 1945, not only ends the Thousand Year Reich , which only lasted 12. It is also the beginning of a bipolar world of East-West confrontation. Of the Cold War.

By: Jorge Moreno Matos Journalist In the months and years following the friction between old allies will become increasingly strained. The growing distrust of the Western allies with the former Soviet Union, will be main stage to Germany and its capital.

In 1948, the Soviets expressed their intention to bring Berlin to East Germany. Western governments are opposed and Berlin is divided into two: one Communist and one Democratic.
In response, the Soviets, eager to expel Westerners once Berlin, hatched the plan to submit their inhabitants by famine, forcing the former to leave the city. Close all access to control and isolate the city altogether. The allies responded with an air bridge hold for a year, a rate of one plane landing every two minutes in the Berlin airports to victual the city martyr. Then, on May 23, 1949, based on Western-controlled sectors, was founded Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), with Bonn as its capital. The answer is the creation of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) on 7 October the same year on the territory under Soviet control and with Berlin as its capital. The entry of the FRG into NATO in May 1955, Moscow responded with the creation of the Warsaw Pact. Meanwhile, thousands of Germans who during those years left the GDR to the freedom. It is estimated that by 1956 a million have abandoned the socialist paradise. And in 1961, year of construction of the wall, the figure will be nearly 3 million. A drain of manpower that communism can not afford.

WALL OF SHAME
A severe border controls and the movement of Berlin from one side to another are added the barbed wire. The East German government tightened the siege.

In March 1961, Walter Ulbricht, leader of the GDR, Khrushchev proposes to build a wall that crosses the city, but rejected it. Ulbricht has enough qualms to declare in June told reporters: "Nobody intends to erect a wall. "

the morning of August 13, 1961 will begin construction before the astonished Berliners hope that Western governments do something. Just in case, Khrushchev ordered that the wall be built in stages, first with barbed wire and then concrete. But the West does nothing, does not react.

During the next 28 years, 239 East Germans lost their lives trying to circumvent the 600 border guards, the 300 watchtowers and barbed wire electrified the 155 kilometers long and three meters of wall height.

Called "antifascist protective measure" or "wall of shame, "became the most significant symbol of the Cold War.


THE END OF THE EUROPE OF YALTA
The coming to power in the Soviet Union in March 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev and his perestroika (restructuring) is the beginning of the end. Gorbachev knows that the economic crisis facing the country makes it impossible to continue supporting the powerful fiction. Driving reforms cause the demise of the USSR.

In early 1989, the countries behind the Iron Curtain began to ignore Moscow's tutelage. In Germany the demands of change and reform are many. Each week, from early this year, he received numerous demonstrations.

protests in Leipzig are multitudinous, but the Government refuses to listen. To satisfy them, Erich Honecker, head of state, is ousted on Oct. 18 and replaced by Egon Krenz. Egon Krenz is the same who was quick to congratulate the Chinese leadership for Tiananmen massacre and to propose a solution "to China" when they started the initial demonstrations in German cities. "The Soviet army will not act against the people," replied Moscow, concerned as it is in their own problems. The RDA is already mortally wounded.

On 2 May, the Government Hungarian removed the barbed wire that marks its border with Austria. So take advantage of thousands of East Germans to go on "vacation" to Hungary. Despite threats from the GDR, Hungary September 10 opens its border with Austria. Over the next few days, 15 thousand East Germans cross the border. At the end of the month, four thousand will do it for Czechoslovakia.

November 4, a demonstration of half a million people in the heart of East Berlin requires changes. And these are given hastily, but in the sense that no one foresaw, that no one saw coming.

Krenz regime tries its own perestroika and proposes measures to provide passports and visas to the West. On the morning of November 9 approved the free movement between the two Germanies, as it is announced in the afternoon at a news conference broadcast on radio and television. "The private travel abroad can be authorized without compliance requirements," government spokesman announced, Günter Schabowski.
"Since when?" Asked an Italian journalist.
"immediately," he replies.

In the next few hours, hundreds of East Germans will be congregating in the seven border points of the wall. The guards, who had not been told about it, do not know what to do. As time passes, there are now thousands of surrounding wall. At 11:30 pm, the last step is to open at the point of Bornholmerstrasse. The wall is now only a bad memory.

Europe that had emerged in Yalta has come to an end.

That day we were all Berliners.


The day ended the twentieth century


the night of November 9 and in the following days, thousands of Berliners on both sides began, with chisels and hammers in hand, to take a piece of history home .

English journalist JM Martí Font, who was in Berlin those days that stopped an East German who was heading the other side and asked that the wall would do if they closed again. And the answer was: "This is not never closes again. This is over. "

No one suspected that the wall would fall so loud and fast. A year later, the two Germanys were reunited. Czech President Vaclav Havel summed up as one the feeling of those days in one sentence: "We did not even have time to wonder."

Martí Font wrote that the day ended the twentieth century.


GETS COLD WAR HOT

On October 22, 1961 was one of the most tense days in the history of the Berlin Wall. In a show of force, Soviet tanks were stationed at the border checkpoint known as Checkpoint Charlie. In response, U.S. tanks were located in front of them, on the other side of the wall, less than 80 meters away and the live ammunition. The tension lasted 17 hours.









VIEW

The Berlin Wall fell on the mediums
By: Farid

Kahhat
Internationalist Imagine you travel in time to January 1989, and get together the most renowned academic relations international to hear the following prediction: in November of this year, the Berlin Wall fall. Not content with that, decided to add the following omens: the fall of the wall will begin a process that, in little over a year, will lead to the reunification of Germany, the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact, the demise of communism in Europe and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. How do you think there would have reacted the pads together with such predictions? The most likely had refused to dignify this string of nonsense with a response. And yet, as we know, all this happened no one could foresee. allegedly immutable essence of communist totalitarianism was precisely the argument that Jeane Kirkpatrick appealed to justify support for authoritarian regimes during the Reagan administration, unlike those, the latter usually bear traces of an autonomous civil society, and allowed the creation an economic power independent of the state. Totalitarianism, however, following the definition of Hannah Arendt, was based on social atomization: the mechanisms of state control is so hair extended by all of society, preventing its members any level of independent organization. But authoritarian regimes were only liable to an evolutionary transformation, also tended to be conservative: pressure to force a democratic transition could cause social unrest that had the unintended effect its transformation into a totalitarian regime. Thus not just disappear any chance of ever becoming democracies, but also U.S. lost an ally in the containment of communism. It was only sensible, therefore, wait for the modernization process to fruition, and that these societies democratize at its own pace.

All this ignoring events as the Hungarian revolt of 1956 or the Prague Spring in 1968, as discovered in the 90's the literature on democratic transitions, also under communist regimes could cause cracks in the halls of power, which in turn opened unpublished loopholes for self-organization of society. In fact, dissidents within the ruling elite promoting such organizations to seek their support against political rivals.
Just as no one could have foreseen in early 1989, the radical change of era that was about to be launched in Europe, also had greater luck who wanted their consequences. For example, when Bill Clinton was running for U.S. president summed up his balance staff in recent history in the following sentence: "The Cold War has ended, and Japan won." That was the case presumably because, unlike the United States and the Soviet Union, that country had not squandered their resources in a runaway arms race. Months later, which prey on a gypsy curse, Japan fell into a recession that would last throughout the nineties, and is now on the verge of being displaced by China as the world's second largest economy.

(*) PROFESSOR OF PUCP









ROUNDTABLE ON THE FALL OF THE IRON CURTAIN

"It was the day of freedom in the face"

The fall of the Berlin Wall marked the end of a phase (bipolar world and the communist way) and the beginning of another (the hegemony of globalization and liberal democracy). Generated impressive political, social and economic. What were its causes and consequences? About capitals players? Trade organized a round table to reflect on these issues with U.S. Ambassador Michael McKinley, of Russia, Mikhail Troyansky, from Poland, Przemyslaw Marzec, Germany, Christoph Müller, the apostolic nuncio in Peru, Bruno Musaró, and internationalists and Farid Kahhat Fabián Novak.
Why was it so important in world history? After the Second World War is the most significant date of change of a historical era in the twentieth century.

"On November 9, marked a fundamental change in a world that was already globalized, in matters of ideology, on how to address the issue of nuclear weapons, military alliances, economic, political," said U.S. ambassador. UU., Michael McKinley, by emphasizing the universal relevance of this fact at the beginning of the round table.
Mikhail Troyansky, Russia's ambassador, agreed with his U.S. counterpart, its former Cold War rival: "He marked the fall of dictatorships, one-party system, lack of freedom ... As our President Putin: the German people were held hostage to the struggle between two superpowers of the Cold War between two opposing worlds. Thank God those days are over. " was a vital event that we are still experiencing positive transformations and in some cases negative, pulling down the Iron Curtain.

ANOTHER WORLD ORDER

Fabián Novak, director of the Institute of International Studies at the Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru (PUCP), highlighted its main consequence in world history: "It caused the fall of communism, with its cutting civil liberties and violation of fundamental rights. " It also caused the emergence of a new international order with the U.S. "As the only political and military leader" and not only led to German reunification, and its subsequent evolution as the leading power of the Old Continent, but the unification of Europe itself. Farid
The Ka-hhat internationalist, PUCP professor, said it was a humbling experience for those who believe they have discovered the course of history (Marxists and liberals "who did not do so now with the economic crisis.") "The fall of the wall was a major anomaly, no one could foresee that happening and causing at least a year and half the disappearance of the Warsaw Pact and the Soviet Union itself." And until Communism disappeared in countries that were not part of the axis of Moscow: Yugoslavia, Albania, Romania: "There was a contagion effect."


What were the causes that brought it critical?


"No was a fluke. It was part of a process, "states the Polish Ambassador Przemyslaw Marzec. Before there were attempts to oppose the hegemonic Soviet dictatorship, and in 1958 in Hungary, in 1968 in Czechoslovakia, "but the only peaceful uprising itself could give was in Poland in 1979 remember that John Paul II said in the square in Warsaw: "Fear not" They the famous strikes of Lech Walesa. The fall was inevitable, the system could not cope. Thus, 1989 was the year people remember that before 9 November, 4 June we had already semi-democratic elections. "

Apostolic Nuncio Bruno emphasized Musaró the importance of the pontificate of John Paul II since his election in 1978, in the fall of the Eastern bloc. His speeches and his travels in 1979 and 1983 in Poland were decisive "in the birth of Solidarity, a labor union-inspired ethics in the Catholic religion John Paul II knew that communism would collapse, but did not expect so fast ".
THE ROLE OF GORBACHEV


German Ambassador, Christoph Müller, also noted that "it was an isolated incident but part of a larger adventure, the culmination of Solidarity in Poland and perestroika and Gorbachev's glasnost. " This adventure was part of a global tragedy that was experienced at the end with joy, according to Müller. U.S. Ambassador Mikhail Gorbachev stressed: "Without a change in leadership in the USSR, such a move was unthinkable."

Musaró Nuncio Bruno recalled then that the December 1, 1989 was the meeting between Gorbachev and the Pope at the Vatican.
What are the consequences we live and where will the world now?


American Michael McKinley recalled that the change was in the whole world, "also in Latin America. For example, there was the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Africa and Asia took the change [liberal] in their economies Economic changes in the 80's helped to political changes and there is no debate between systems, but by the balance between the state and the private sector in how it benefits the greatest number of the population, with emphasis on democracy " .

For German Christoph Müller, the Berlin Wall showed that "a country can not govern against the will of the people, that human rights are part of the human condition, that press freedom can not long term although it alone does not guarantee stability, but requires responsibility, institutions. And it showed the failure of the economic model of state socialism to assume a social market economy that produces better results. " NEGATIVE EFFECTS



Poland's Przemyslaw Marzec reflected: "When the Cold War, the world became much better, but new challenges appeared: it was more unipolar and phenomena appeared as failed states and, especially, the conflict Balkans: Who would think that a war could have serious dimensions in the heart of Europe? ".

The Russian Mikhail Troyansky also shows a critical view, since the fall of the wall had painful impact: "There was a breakdown of my country, loss of independence in foreign policy and domestic politics ruin. Wine capitalism and thought it was the oven of abundance, that everything would fall from the sky. But did despair, under inept leadership and anarchic a decade. My country suffered a reduction of 17% of territory, and we have a huge nuclear arsenal, 95% with U.S., which is a difficult issue. But the corrections began with a new address, Putin and Medvedev. The country needed young and energetic. And if we knelt before we got up. "
dangers of nationalism


analyst Farid Kahhat not see the desirability of returning to a multipolar world, as experienced in the first half of the twentieth century, the era of colonization and the First and Second World War. "The alternative is not multipolarity, but multilateralism, international law restricts the actions of the states, not the strongest prevails, but who is right." The other way is dangerous which proposes ethnic and cultural nationalism, another unpleasant phenomenon after the fall of the wall.

Fabián Novak For the analyst, after U.S. became the only world leader politico-military, "the big question is: how can exercise that power: with respect international law or unilateralism?. " Novak remembers the pre-emptive policy of George W. Bush, who was not permitted by international law. He also argues that international policies of that country were placed on a pendulum with Bush Sr., Bill Clinton and Bush. "But now Obama offers hope."
About Germany: "The reunion was a complicated and expensive, it was a country of 60 million people who get to 17 million. Are still present problems of employment and equality between east and west. But Germany has risen from the worst calamities. " Neither Africa
escaped the consequences: "So 1989, thanks to the two powers, kept some order and stability, although single-party governments. After the fall of the USSR, USA lose interest, and trigger crisis in Rwanda, Sudan, Congo, Ivory Coast. " And in the field of international agencies give "a greater role for the UN, has more interventions, more than 25 countries with peacekeeping operations."

Novak believes that the world might turn up pole: "It's China, it is estimated that in two years will be the second largest world economy, displacing Japan. There is talk of India and even of "Chindia." Asia will replace Europe as a gravity of power. And be consolidated regional powers: Brazil, Germany, South Africa. "


substantial dialogue of ideas
The roundtable on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall took place on Tuesday, November 3 at the premises of the newspaper El Comercio. Participants included the U.S. ambassador, Michael McKinley, of Russia, Mikhail Troyansky, from Poland, Przemyslaw Marzec, Germany, Christoph Müller, the apostolic nuncio in Peru, Bruno Musaró, as well as international analysts and Farid Kahhat Fabián Novak.

The table was moderated by the director of this newspaper, Francisco Miro Quesada Rada, the main editor of Politics, Juan Paredes Castro, and the editor of the World section, Carlos Novoa. Journalists also attended the World section: Miguel Angel Cardenas, Jorge Moreno and Roger Zuzunaga.